6 10 5656 http://78.47.125.110/files/original/27/4539/FMHP_01686.JPG 407974af87a1af5f1373e19e6de5a985 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 12.01. Activitat de representació (com a President) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-2006 Description An account of the resource Aplega els expedients i documents emanats de l'activitat protocol·lària i de projecció pública com a President de la Generalitat. Imatge fixa A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Format original The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 16/11/2006 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Moreno, Rubén Bedmar,Jordi Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Girona Title A name given to the resource A l'escalinata de la Catedral de Girona Subject The topic of the resource Relacions internacionals França--Relacions exteriors Espanya--Relacions exteriors Presidents Directius Catedrals Maragall Mira, Pasqual, 1941- Rodríguez Zapatero, José Luis, 1960- Chirac, Jacques Proglio, Henri Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Aquest document és còpia digital de l'original custodiat a l'Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya. EAD Archive The Encoded Archival Description is a common standard used to describe collections of small pieces and to create hierarchical and structured finding aids. Level The hierarchical level of the materials being described by the element (may be other level too). Document Fotografies http://78.47.125.110/files/original/27/4540/FMHP_01687.JPG 7f46c407adc4240ea8aeafcbf8e26449 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 12.01. Activitat de representació (com a President) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-2006 Description An account of the resource Aplega els expedients i documents emanats de l'activitat protocol·lària i de projecció pública com a President de la Generalitat. Imatge fixa A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Format original The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 16/11/2006 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Moreno, Rubén Bedmar,Jordi Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Girona Title A name given to the resource A l'escalinata de la Catedral de Girona Subject The topic of the resource Relacions internacionals França--Relacions exteriors Espanya--Relacions exteriors Presidents Directius Catedrals Maragall Mira, Pasqual, 1941- Rodríguez Zapatero, José Luis, 1960- Chirac, Jacques Proglio, Henri Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Aquest document és còpia digital de l'original custodiat a l'Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya. EAD Archive The Encoded Archival Description is a common standard used to describe collections of small pieces and to create hierarchical and structured finding aids. Level The hierarchical level of the materials being described by the element (may be other level too). Document Fotografies http://78.47.125.110/files/original/27/4541/FMHP_01688.JPG d143763c6cc8234483ab89ef9a5b40eb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 12.01. Activitat de representació (com a President) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-2006 Description An account of the resource Aplega els expedients i documents emanats de l'activitat protocol·lària i de projecció pública com a President de la Generalitat. Imatge fixa A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Format original The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 16/11/2006 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Moreno, Rubén Bedmar,Jordi Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Girona Title A name given to the resource A l'escalinata de la Catedral de Girona Subject The topic of the resource Relacions internacionals França--Relacions exteriors Espanya--Relacions exteriors Presidents Directius Catedrals Maragall Mira, Pasqual, 1941- Rodríguez Zapatero, José Luis, 1960- Chirac, Jacques Proglio, Henri Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Aquest document és còpia digital de l'original custodiat a l'Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya. EAD Archive The Encoded Archival Description is a common standard used to describe collections of small pieces and to create hierarchical and structured finding aids. Level The hierarchical level of the materials being described by the element (may be other level too). Document Fotografies http://78.47.125.110/files/original/27/4548/FMHP_01695.JPG 0d094770340761945c155de5c70bb22e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 12.01. Activitat de representació (com a President) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-2006 Description An account of the resource Aplega els expedients i documents emanats de l'activitat protocol·lària i de projecció pública com a President de la Generalitat. Imatge fixa A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Format original The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 16/11/2006 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Moreno, Rubén Bedmar,Jordi Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Girona Title A name given to the resource A l'escalinata de la Catedral de Girona Subject The topic of the resource Relacions internacionals França--Relacions exteriors Espanya--Relacions exteriors Ministres Catedrals Maragall Mira, Pasqual, 1941- Moratinos, Miguel Ángel Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Aquest document és còpia digital de l'original custodiat a l'Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya. EAD Archive The Encoded Archival Description is a common standard used to describe collections of small pieces and to create hierarchical and structured finding aids. Level The hierarchical level of the materials being described by the element (may be other level too). Document Fotografies http://78.47.125.110/files/original/27/4549/FMHP_01696.JPG 3a770de8b754b39ff1d41c11db9354bf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 12.01. Activitat de representació (com a President) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-2006 Description An account of the resource Aplega els expedients i documents emanats de l'activitat protocol·lària i de projecció pública com a President de la Generalitat. Imatge fixa A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Format original The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 16/11/2006 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Moreno, Rubén Bedmar,Jordi Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Girona Title A name given to the resource A l'escalinata de la Catedral de Girona Subject The topic of the resource Relacions internacionals França--Relacions exteriors Espanya--Relacions exteriors Ministres Consellers Catedrals Nadal i Farreras, Joaquim, 1948- Alvarez, Magdalena Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Aquest document és còpia digital de l'original custodiat a l'Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya. EAD Archive The Encoded Archival Description is a common standard used to describe collections of small pieces and to create hierarchical and structured finding aids. Level The hierarchical level of the materials being described by the element (may be other level too). Document Fotografies http://78.47.125.110/files/original/27/4550/FMHP_01697.JPG ed3e3a0d973ed1000ee860143703641e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 12.01. Activitat de representació (com a President) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-2006 Description An account of the resource Aplega els expedients i documents emanats de l'activitat protocol·lària i de projecció pública com a President de la Generalitat. Imatge fixa A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Format original The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 16/11/2006 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Moreno, Rubén Bedmar,Jordi Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Girona Title A name given to the resource A l'escalinata de la Catedral de Girona Subject The topic of the resource Relacions internacionals França--Relacions exteriors Espanya--Relacions exteriors Ministres Consellers Catedrals Nadal i Farreras, Joaquim, 1948- Alvarez, Magdalena Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Aquest document és còpia digital de l'original custodiat a l'Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya. EAD Archive The Encoded Archival Description is a common standard used to describe collections of small pieces and to create hierarchical and structured finding aids. Level The hierarchical level of the materials being described by the element (may be other level too). Document Fotografies http://78.47.125.110/files/original/27/4551/FMHP_01698.JPG 3c93fb5df1bd87cf25e052fecee8f80c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 12.01. Activitat de representació (com a President) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-2006 Description An account of the resource Aplega els expedients i documents emanats de l'activitat protocol·lària i de projecció pública com a President de la Generalitat. Imatge fixa A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Format original The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 16/11/2006 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Moreno, Rubén Bedmar,Jordi Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Girona Title A name given to the resource A l'escalinata de la Catedral de Girona Subject The topic of the resource Relacions internacionals França--Relacions exteriors Espanya--Relacions exteriors Ministres Consellers Catedrals Maragall Mira, Pasqual, 1941- Nadal i Farreras, Joaquim, 1948- Alvarez, Magdalena Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Aquest document és còpia digital de l'original custodiat a l'Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya. EAD Archive The Encoded Archival Description is a common standard used to describe collections of small pieces and to create hierarchical and structured finding aids. Level The hierarchical level of the materials being described by the element (may be other level too). Document Fotografies http://78.47.125.110/files/original/30/1058/19861120d_00171.pdf c683fc1f8f1480c0956beb37963c94bf PDF Text Text Conferencia de l'Excm. Sr. Alcalde, Pasqual Maragall a la Graduate School of Design (Harvard) Cambridge, Massachusetts, 20 de novembre 1986 �IT IS AN HONOUR AND A PLEASURE FOR A CATALAN TO BE IN THIS HOUSE WHERE ANOTHER CATALAN, AND A BARCELONIAN, TOO, JOSEP LLUIS SERT, SPENT SO MANY YEARS OF HIS FRUITFUL CAREER. WHEN I WAS FIRST ASKED TO GIVE THIS LECTURE HERE, I WONDERED WHAT COULD THE MAYOR OF BARCELONA EXPLAIN TO A GRADUATE SCHOOL OF DESIGN AUDIENCE THAT WOULD BE OF INTEREST. I AM AFFRAID I HAVE NOT FOUND A SATISFACTORY ANSWER TO THAT QUESTION. URBAN POLICY IN BARCELONA BARCELONA HAS A LOT TO OFFER TO YOU, THIS IS SOMETHING I AM SURE OF. SO PERHAPS THE BEST I SHOULD TELL YOU WOULD BE JUST 'COME TO BARCELONA AND DISCOVER HER BY YOURSELVES'. THAT WOULD BE RATHER RUDE, OBVIOUSLY. SO, I WILL DO MY BEST TO CONVEY TO YOU THE PASSION I FEEL FOR MY CITY AS EVERYONE THAT GETS TO KNOW HER DOES. THERE ARE MORE SUITABLE PEOPLE THAN I AM TO SPEAK ABOUT BARCELONA IN ARCHITECTURAL TERMS, SOME OF THEM �_3_ VERY WELL KNOWN IN THIS SCHOOL, AS PROFESSOR RAFAEL MONEO. NEVERTHELESS LET ME EXPLAIN SUMMARILY BARCELONA'S CONTRIBUTION TO URBAN THEORY AND PRACTICE AS IT HAS BEEN RECENTLY STATED BY ORIOL BOHIGAS, A PROFESSIONAL YOU KNOW ALSO VERY WELL AND THE PRINCIPAL BRAIN AND EXECUTIVE BEHIND THE URBAN POLICY WE HAVE BEEN DEVELOPING IN BARCELONA MUNICIPALITY FOR THE LAST 6 YEARS. THESE IDEAS ARE RELATED TO RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN URBAN CENTER AND PERIPHERY, TO THE OPPOSITION BETWEEN PLANS AND PROJECTS AND TO THE IMPORTANCE OF FORM IN URBAN POLICY. ORIOL BOHIGAS AN HIS TEAM AT THE CITY HALL CONDUCTED A POLICY BASED ON THE CONVICTION THAT A SET OF PROJECTS IS A BETTER TOOL OF URBAN CONTROL THAN A GENERAL PLAN. THE MODEL WAS ASUMED BY THE CITY COUNCIL. IT MEANT ALSO GIVING UP ZONING AND SEEKING FOR A CITY WHERE ALL ACTIVITIES COEXISTED. �-4- THE MOST VISIBLE ASPECT OF BARCELONA URBAN POLICY, HOWEVER, AND THE ONE THAT HAS AROUSED MORE CONTROVERSY, IS THE PRIORITY OF FORM OVER QUANTITATIVE STANDARDS. BOHIGAS HAS PLEADED FOR URBAN POLITICIANS AND TECHNICIANS TO INVOLVE THEMSELVES IN DEFINING THE PHYSICAL FORM OF THE CITY. HENCE A DARING ENGAGEMENT TO BUILD A SET OF URBAN SPACES -PARKS, PLACES- OF HIGH URBAN AND DESIGN QUALITY THROUGHOUT THE CITY, ESPECIALLY IN THE MOST DECAYED AREAS, BOTH IN THE CENTER AND IN THE PERIPHERY. I AM GLAD TO SAY THAT IN THOSE PROJECTS WE HAVE HAD THE CONTRIBUTION OF AMERICAN ARTISTS SUCH AS JOE HELLMAN, ELSWORTH KELLY, BRYAN HUNT AND RICHARD SERRA. THE EXPERIENCE HAS BEEN A SUCCESS, AND HAS SHOWN, IN BOHIGAS'S WORDS, THAT URBAN FORMALIZATION AND "MONUMENTALIZATION" OF DULL PERIPHERIC AND DEGRADED QUARTERS CAUSES SOCIAL AGGLUTINATION AND THE CREATION OF COLLECTIVE PARTICIPATION PRIMARY INSTRUMENTS. �-5- BARCELONA, CATALONIA, SPAIN NOW I WOULD LIKE TO GIVE YOU MY POINT OF VIEW ON WHAT PAPER BARCELONA CAN PLAY IN CATALONIA, IN SPAIN, IN EUROPE AND THE WORLD, AND ALSO A GENERAL REFLECTION ON WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE CITIES IN THE WORLD. AS YOU KNOW, BARCELONA IS, HAS BEEN FOR CENTURIES, THE CAPITAL CITY OF CATALONIA, AN AUTONOMOUS REGION IN NORTHEAST SPAIN WITH ITS OWN LANGUAGE, CATALAN, DIFFERENT TO SPANISH. THROUGHOUT THE MIDDLE AGES, THE COUNTS OF BARCELONA WERE ALSO KINGS OF ARAGON WHO REIGNED OVER A CONFEDERATION OF KINGDOMS INCLUDING MOST OF SPANISH MEDITERRANEAN COAST, THE BALEARIC ISLANDS, PART OF SOUTHERN FRANCE, SOUTH OF ITALY, SICILLY AND SARDINIA. THE HOUSE OF BARCELONA HAD ALSO CONSULATES IN THE MAIN CITIES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN THAT ACTED AS AGENTS OF A POWERFUL COMMERCIAL EMPIRE. A:FTER FERDINAND AND ISABELLA, THE CROWNS OF ARAGON AND CASTILE WERE CARRIED BY THE SAME HEADS. THAT ROYAL UNION MARKS THE START OF MODERN AGE IN SPAIN. �-6- THE CATALAN SPLENDOR OF THE MIDDLE AGES WAS FOLLOWED BY A LONG PERIOD OF DECLINE. CATALONIA DID NOT RECOVER IN FACT UNTIL LAST CENTURY. I HAVE INDULGED MYSELF IN THIS RAW APPROACH TO CATALAN HISTORY BECAUSE YOU CAN FOLLOW IT IN THE VERY STREETS OF BARCELONA, IN OUR BUILDINGS, OUR CHURCHES. YOU CAN READ IT EVEN ON A MAP. �-ïTHE DEVELOPMENT OF BARCELONA BARCELONA SAW A FANTASTIC DEVELOPMENT FROM THE MID XIXth CENTURY. UP TO 1859 BARCELONA WAS CLOSED WITHIN THE WALLS THE PERIMETRE OF WHICH HAD NOT ALTERED FROM THE MIDDLE AGES. IN 1859 WAS APPROVED THE PLAN DEL ENSANCHE, THE "ENLARGEMENT PLAN", DEVELOPED BY ILDEFONSO CERDà. THE WALLS WERE PULLED DOWN AND THE CITY SPREAD OVER THE SURROUNDING PLAIN AND REACHED THE NEARBY VILLAGES: SARRIà, ST GERVASI, GRàCIA, ST MARTí. MY GRANDFATHER, FOR INSTANCE, WAS BORN IN 1860 IN THE VERY HEART OF THE MEDIEVAL CITY. LATER HE WENT OUT THE WALLS, TO THE ENSANCHE AND FINALLY TO ST GERVASI. IN A SENSE HE FOLLOWED THE GROWTH OF THE CITY. IN JUST 50 YEARS HIS GENERATION EXPANDED MORE THAN PREVIOUS GENERATIONS FOR 10 OR 15 CENTURIES. I RECALL RICARDO'S "LOW PRICE OF CORN ", 1815, WHERE HE SAID THAT INCREASES IN POPULATION WOULD INCREASE THE SUPPLY OF LAND SO THAT RENTS WOULD NOT RISE. IT WAS NOT EXACTLY SO IN BARCELONA. LAND PRICES WENT UP, AND ONLY IN DOWNTOWN, ROUND THE CITY HALL, MODERATLY DOWN. �-8IN 1888 AN UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION WAS HELD ON THE GROUNDS OF THE OLD CITADEL, OMINOUS SYMBOL OF CENTRALIST OPRESSION, BUILT IN THE XVIIIth CENTURY AFTER THE FIRST BOURBON KING OF SPAIN AND DEMOLISHED SHORTLY AFTER THE WALLS WERE PULLED DOWN. THE UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION UNDERLINED THE DEFINITIVE ASSERTION OF THE CITY DEVELOPED BY CERDà, AS WELL AS A DEMONSTRATION OF CATALAN BOURGEOSIE'S FAITH ON MODERNITY, PROGRESS AND INDUSTRIALIZATION. CATALONIA WAS OPEN TO THE CULTURAL TRENDS COMING FROM EUROPE AND WAS ABLE TO GIVE THEM A PERSONAL INTERPRETATION. AT THE SAME TIME THAT PARIS, VIENNA, PRAGA, BRUSSELS, GLASGOW AND LONDON KNEW THE ART NOUVEAU, THE SEZESSION OR MODERN STYLE, IN BARCELONA MODERNISME FLOURISHED WITH EXTRAORDINARY STRENGTH. MODERN STYLE ARCHITECTURE HAD IN BARCELONA A FIELD TO EXPRESS ITSELF AS NO OTHER CITY OF EUROPE HAD. YOU CAN STILL ADMIRE THE RESULTS WALKING ON THE STREETS OF MY CITY AND LOOKING AT THE INCREDIBLE FAÇADES THAT CATALAN BOURGEOSIE HAD THE COURAGE TO BUILD. THIS CREATIVITY WAS SUSTAINED THROUGHOUT THE YEARS BEFORE THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR, IN SPITE OF SOCIAL UNREST �-9AND IN SPITE OF PRIMO DE RIVERA DICTATORSHIP. FIRST WORLD WAR BROUGHT TO CATALONIA PICASSO, WHO CAME BACK, PICABIA AMONG OTHERS. BUT IT ALSO BROUGHT MONEY. CATALAN INDUSTRIALITY TOOK ADVANTATGE OF SPAIN'S NEUTRALITY TO MAKE GOOD BUSINESS OUT OF SELLING GOODS TO BOTH ALLIED AND CENTRAL POWERS. THAT COULD EXPLAIN SOME OF THE NEUTRALIST FEELINGS THAT CATALAN BOURGEOISSE STILL IS SHELTERING. THE 1929 UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION GAVE BARCELONA THE MOST IMPORTANT THRUST TO MODERNITY SINCE THE PREVIOUS 1888 EXHIBITION. THE 1929 EXHIBITION WAS BOLD ENOUGH TO HOST AND SHOW TO THE WORLD THE MIES VAN DER ROHE GERMAN PAVILLION, WHICH WE REBUILT LAST WINTER. THE FIRST BARCELONA UNDERGROUND RAIL SYSTEM WAS ALSO BUILT FOR THE 1929 EXHIBITION, AS WELL AS MANY IMPORTANT URBAN PROJECTS. IT WAS IN THIS TIME WHEN ARNOLD SCHONBERG BEGAN MOSES AND ARON IN BARCELONA. HIS DAUGHTER IS NAMED AFTER THE SECOND MOST POPULAR VIRGIN IN CATALONIA AFTER MONTSERRAT: NúRIA. �-10- IN THE REPUBLIC YEARS, THE THIRTIES, ARCHITECTURE WAS AGAIN THE FIELD WHERE CATALAN CAPACITY TO CATCH THE SIGNS OF THE TIMES WAS MORE EVIDENT. RACIONALIST ARCHITECTS FLOURISHED IN CATALONIA. JOSEP LLUIS SERT AND MEMBERS OF GATPAC ARCHITECT GROUP MADE BARCELONA THE CENTRE OF INTEREST OF EUROPEAN ARCHITECTS. THE GENERALITAT, THE CATALAN AUTONOMOUS GOVERNMENT, ENTRUSTED LE CORBUSIER THE DESIGN OF A NEW DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF BARCELONA METROPOLITAN AREA. THE SPANISH PAVILION OF 1937 PARIS EXHIBITION, WHERE PICASSO'S GUERNICA WAS FIRST SHOWED, AS WELL AS WORKS BY MIRó, GARCIA AND CALDER, WAS DESIGNED BY JOSEP LLUÍS SERT, AS YOU KNOW. LATER CAME WHAT IT CAME. AND FOR DECADES CATALONIA WAS TO MANY SPANIARDS A SYMBOL OF RESISTANCE TO FASCISM, A PLACE WHERE ONE COULD FEEL AN EUROPEAN ATMOSPHERE. AND BARCELONA WAS ITS FOCAL POINT. HOWEVER STRONG THE DICTATORSHIP PRESSURE WAS, CATALAN'S LOVE OF FREEDOM CREATED AND ENVIRONMENT LESS OPRESSIVE THAN IN THE REST OF SPAIN. �WHEN PICASSO, IN SPITE OF HIS GENIUS, WAS LOOKED SUSPICIOUSLY BY FRANCO'S REGIME, WHEN EVEN HIS NAME WAS ALMOST FORBIDDEN IN THE SPANISH PRESS, THE CITY OF BARCELONA OPENED ITS PICASSO MUSEUM. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE, BUT I COULD OFFER MANY OTHERS TO YOU. NOW SPAIN IS A PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRATIC MONARCHY. SPAIN HAS JOINED THE COMMON MARKET AND DECIDED NOT TO LEAVE NATO. BARCELONA HAS GOT THE 1992 OLYMPIC GAMES ORGANITATION. A GREAT DEAL OF ADJUSTEMENTS AND CHANGES ARE EXPECTED TO HAPPEN IN SPAIN AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH EUROPE AND THE REST OF THE WORLD. HOW DOES BARCELONA AND CATALONIA FIT IN THIS SCENE? �-12BARCELONA, CATALONIA, EUROPE AND THE WORLD CATALANS HAVE ALWAYS FELT AT HOME IN EUROPE. AND SO THE PRESIDENT OF CATALANS AUTONOMOUS GOVERNMENT SAID IN AACHEN, WHERE CHARLEMAGNE IS BURIED: "CATALONIA HAS COME BACK HOME ". AS A CATALAN WRITER, ECONOMIST AND ENGINEER, LUIS RACIONERO, HAS POINTED OUT, BACK IN THE Xth CENTURY ROMANESQUE MONASTERIES IN THE CATALAN PIRENEES WERE AN EUROPEAN CULTURAL ENCLAVE ACTING IN A WAY AS A BRIDGE BETWEEN GREEK HUMANISTIC HERITAGE, ARABIC AND PROVENÇAL CULTURES. WHAT WILL HAPPEN WITH CATALAN CULTURE, WITH CATALAN NATIONALITY AS SPAIN JOINTS EUROPE? ONE MAY THINK CATALAN NATION AND OTHER NATIONAL MINORITIES WILL EXPAND AS THE STATE-NATION LOSES POWER. OTHERS DO NOT AGREE WITH THIS IDEA. THEY SAY THAT FAR FROM THAT COMMON MARKET TENDS TO ENFORCE THE STATE STRUCTURE OF SPAIN. I THINK BARCELONA HAS A LOT TO OFFER TO EUROPE. LAST SEASON WE SHOWED IN LONDON AN EXHIBITION CALLED "HOMAGE TO BARCELONA". THE GREAT SURPRISE OF THIS EXHIBITION WAS RAMON CASAS'PAINTINGS . WHAT WE WANTED TO �-13DO WITH THE EXHIBITION, AS WE DID IN LAUSANNE WITH THE TREASURES OF BARCELONA SHOWING WHICH IS STILL ON, IS TO EXPLAIN TO THE WORLD THAT PEOPLE AS PICASSO, GAUDí, MIRó, DALÍ OR PAU CASALS ARE NOT ISOLATED PERSONALITIES GROWING SPONTANEOUSLY ON A GREY LANDSCAPE. WE WOULD LIKE TO MAKE UNDERSTAND THAT WE HAVE HAD A FAVOURABLE ENVIRONMENT THAT HAS MADE SUCH GENIUSES POSSIBLE. EUROPE HAS SOMETHING TO DISCOVER IN CATALONIA, AND CONVERSELY. FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF REGIONAL AND URBAN ECONOMICS, WHICH WAS MY OWN ACADEMIC SUBJECT BEFORE I BECAME A FULL TIME POLITICIAN, BARCELONA HAS ALSO AN IMPORTANT ROLE TO PLAY IN THE EUROPEAN SYSTEM OF CITIES. BARCELONA IS TO BECOME TE LINK THAT WILL ATTACH THE IBERIAN PENINSULA TO THE URBAN EUROPEAN AXIS THAT GOES FORM LONDON TO MILAN. THERE IS A REGION DEFINED ROUGHLY BY THE AREAS OF BORDEAUX, TOULOUSE AND MILANO WICH HOLDS AN ENORMOUS ECONOMIC, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL POTENTIAL. UNTIL SPAIN'S COMING INTO THE EEC THIS REGION HAS BEEN A BORDER REGION, A CUL -DE -SAC. FROM NOW ON IT WILL HAVE AN INCREASING CHARACTER OF PASSAGE. �-14BARCELONA WANTS TO ATTRACT THE GRAVITY CENTRE OF THIS REGION TOWARDS THE CATALAN SYSTEM OF CITIES. AND TO DO SO, BARCELONA HAS TO COMPETE WITH TOULOUSE, WHICH IS A FORMIDABLE CENTRE OF HIGH TECHOLOGY INDUSTRIES, AND MARSEILLES, WHOSE PORT FIGHTS WITH BARCELONA AND GENOA FOR THE FIRST PLACE IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. WE HAVE CALLED THIS REGION THE "NORTH OF SOUTH" OF EUROPE. WITHIN THIS REGIONS THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THEIR CITIES ARE ALREADY NATURAL. WE HAVE ONLY TO ENHANCE THEM, TO FACILITATE THEM. MONTPELLIER IS THE CITY THAT FIRST MADE A MOVE ON THIS DIRECTION. M. FRECHE, THE MAYOR OF MONTPELLIER, WAS THE FIRST FRENCH POLITICIAN TO WELCOME THE ENLARGEMENT OF THE EEC. MONTPELLIER HAS UNDERSTOOD THAT IS EASIER FOR THEM GOING TO BARCELONA THAN TO PARIS. BARCELONA IS THE NEAREST BIG MARKET TO MONTPELLIER, THE NEAREST BIG CITY. BARCELONA CAN BE A CAPITAL OF THE NORTH OF THE SOUTH OF EUROPE. THIS AREA HAS AN "ART OF LIVING", SO TO SPEAK, THAT IS VERY ATTRACTIVE TO THE NORTH: CLIMATE, LANDSCAPE, LEISURE. AT THE SAME TIME TE MAIN CITIES OF THE AREA HAVE AN IMPORTANT ECONOMIC CAPACITY. �-15- BARCELONA TOWARDS 1992 BARCELONA, HOWEVER, NEEDS A LARGE AMOUNT OF INVESTMENTS TO BE READY FOR THE CHALLENGES OF NEXT CENTURY. THE MODERN BARCELONA HAS DEVELOPED BY IMPULSES. THIS HAPPENED IN THE XIXth, WHEN THE WALLS WERE PULLED DOWN, AND IN 1929, WITH THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, AS I HAD SAID BEFORE. NOW WE HAVE CHOSEN THE 1992 OLYMPIC GAMES TO GIVE A SIMILAR THRUST. OUR PURPOSE IS TO ENHANCE BARCELONA'S STATUS AS A SECOND CAPITAL OF SPAIN AND A LEADING MEDITERRANEAN METROPOLIS AND TO TAKE FULL ADVANTAGE OF THE MANY DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF THIS CITY. THE BIGGEST OPERATIONS WE HAVE ALREADY STARTED AFFECT THREE PRINCIPAL AREAS: THE HILLS WHICH FORM THE CITY'S WESTERN, BORDER THE COASTAL AREA TO THE NORTHEAST OF BARCELONA, AND THE OLD CENTRAL CITY. �-16THE SERRA DE COLLSEROLA, A CHAIN OF LOW COASTAL HILLS, HAS BEEN AN OBSTACLE TO BARCELONA'S URBAN GROWTH THROUGHOUT HISTORY. WE INTEND TO TURN THIS AREA INTO METROPOLITAN BARCELONA'S CENTRAL PARK. THE BARRIER THAT IT IS AT PRESENTLY WILL BECOME A PLEASANT LINK BETWEEN THE CENTRAL CITY AND THE INDUSTRIAL AND RESIDENTIAL TOWNS BEYOND THE HILLS. BARCELONA'S WATERFRONT STRETCHES FROM THE MOUTH OF THE LLOBREGAT RIVER, TO THE SOUTHWEST, TO THE MOUTH OF THE BESOS RIVER TO THE NORTHEAST, EXTENDING ALONG APPROXIMATELY EIGHT MILES OF COASTLINE INCLUDING THE HARBOUR FACILITIES. THE NORTH BANK OF THE LLOBREGAT DELTA HAS DEVELOPED INTO AN IMPORTANT AND MODERN INDUSTRIAL AREA. ON THE SOUTH BANK THERE IS THE BARCELONA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT, AND A RICH HIGHLY COMPETITIVE AGRICULTURAL AREA. THE COASTAL AREA NORTHEAST OF THE BARCELONA HARBOUR IS KNOWN AS THE "EASTERN BEACHES" AND EXTENDS APPROXIMATELY FIVE KILOMETERS ALONG THE COAST. THIS STRETCH, ALONG WITH THE INLAND AREA ADJOINING IT, WILL BE THE FOCUS OF A SERIES OF PROJECTS. �-17BARCELONA HAS BEEN LIVING, AS WE CATALANS SAY, "WITH ITS BACK TO THE SEA", WHICH IS IN DIRECT CONTRADICTION WITH THIS CITY'S BRILLIANT PAST AS THE CENTER OF A COMMERCIAL EMPIRE BASED ON MARITIME TRADE. BUT, INDEED, THE MODERN CITY HAS MANAGED TO ERECT A WALL BETWEEN ITSELF, ITS WAY OF LIFE, AND THE NEIGHBORING SEA. ONE OF THE PRINCIPAL CONCERNS OF THE CITY COUNCIL IS TO TEAR DON THIS INVIABLE WALL. THE RENOVATION OF THE BOSCH AND ALSINA DOCK AT THE HARBOUR, WHICH WAS FORMERLY USED AS A TIMBER STORAGE AREA, REPRESENTS AN IMPORTANT STEP IN THIS DIRECTION. THAT WAS A RELATIVELY EASY PROJECT TO CARRY OUT BECAUSE IT INVOLVED A LIMITED AREA AND, DUE TO ITS CENTRAL LOCATION, PROVIDED IMPORTANT AND OBVIOUS SOCIAL BENEFITS. BUT THE EASTERN BEACHES INVOLVE A DIFFERENT SET OF PROBLEMS. THE BEACHES THEMSELVES ARE IN VERY BAD CONDITI.ONS BECAUSE OF DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL SEWAGE AS WELL AS DEBRIS AND GARBAGE WHICH HAS BEEN DUMPED THERE. THE 1,300 ACRE AREA ADJOINING THE WATERFRONT, CALLED POBLE NOU, IS AN OLD INDUSTRIAL AND RESIDENTIAL AREA, ENCIRCLED BY RAILWAY TRACKS WHICH ISOLATE IT FROM THE SEA FROM THE REST OF THE CITY. �-18- THE GREAT CHALLENGE WHICH WE AIM TO FACE IS THE RENEWAL OF THIS AREA, INCLUDING RECLAIMING THE WATERFRONT AS A SPORTS AND RECREATION AREA, AND BREAKING THE COLLAR OF RAILWAY LINES ENCIRCLING POBLE NOU, THUS OPENING IT TO THE REST OF THE CITY, AND BARCELONA TO THE SEA. THERE ARE THREE STEPS INVOLVED IN REACHING THIS GOAL: FIRST, THE "SPECIAL PLAN FOR THE EASTERN BEACHES"; SECOND, REMOVING THE RAILWAY TRACKS AND, THIRD, THE EXPANSION AND CONSTRUCTION OF IMPORTANT FACILITIES INCLUDING THE "OLYMPIC VILLAGE". THE "SPECIAL PLAN FOR THE EASTERN BEACHES" HAS TO PRINCIPAL AIMS; FIRST, TO CLEAN UP THE WATER IN THE BEACHFRONT AREA THROUGH THE INSTALLATION OF A NEW SEWER SYSTEM AND SEWAGE RECYCLING PLANTS; AND, SECOND, TO PROTECT THE SHORE FROM EROSION THROUGH THE CONSTRUCTION OF PIERS. WHEN THE PLAN IS COMPLETED, APPROXIMATELY 400 ACRES OF ADDITIONAL LAND WILL BE OPENED TO THE SEA. ONLY PART OF THIS LAND WILL BE AVAILABLE FOR URBAN USES, THE REST BEING SUBJECTED TO COAST LAW RESTRICTIONS. THIS NEW �-19LAND, THEN, WILL BE USED FOR NEW BEACHES, A GREAT MARITIME PARK, A YATCHING HARBOUR AND OTHER SPORTS AND RECEAT:CONAL AREAS. URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN POBLE NOU HAS BEEN BLOCKED BY THIS RAILWAY NETWORK, SINCE THE WATERFRONT WAS BUILT UP BY INDUSTRIES DEPENDENT UPON THE RAILROAD SYSTEM. THE TRAIN TRACKS RUNNING ALONG THE COAST ARE, TO A GREAT EXTENT, RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SEPARATION BETWEEN BARCELONA AND ITS WATERFRONT. ALONG A STRETCH OF APPROXIMATELY SEVEN KILOMETERS OF TRACK, THERE ARE ONLY TWO PEDESTRIAN OVERPASSES AND TO GROUND LEVEL CROSSINGS. RAILWAY FACILITIES ACCOUNT FOR ALMOST A HUNDRED ACRES OF THE LAND AREA OF POBLE NOU. INDUSTRIAL USE OF THESE RAILWAY LINES HAS DECREASED, HOWEVER, AND SEVERAL STOPS ON THE LINE HICH ARE PRIVATELY OWNED BY LARGE INDUSTRIES, ARE NO LONGER IN USE. THANKS TO THE OLYMPIC DEADLINE THE CITY OF BARCELONA, THE CATALAN AUTONOMOUS GOVERNMENT, THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT AND THE NATIONAL RAILWAY CORPORATION CAME TO AN AGREEMENT LAST WINTER TO CHANGE THE BARCELONA RAILWAY NETWORK, INCLUDING THE RENOVATION OF THE COASTAL TRACKS.. �-20- POBLE NOU IS AN URBAN DISTRICT WITH A VERY DEFINITE CHARACTER OF ITS OWN AND A STRONG SENSE OF COMMUNITY. THE FACT THAT IT WAS ISOLATED FROM THE CENTER CITY BY RAILWAY TRACKS HAS RESULTED IN A CERTAIN CULTURAL INDEPENDENCE ON THE PART OF THE PEOPLE OF POBLE NOU. THIS COMMUNITY BOASTS A LONG TRADITION OF SOCIAL ACTIVITY WHICH IS STILL ALIVE TODAY THROUGH ITS MANY CULTURAL AND RECREATIONAL SOCIETIES. THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THIS PREDOMINATELY INDUSTRIAL AREA HAVE ALREADY BEEN POINTED OUT. IN SHORT, HEAVY.INDUSTRIES, MOST OF WHICH ARE NOW OBSOLETE, LEND AN AURA OF "INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION" TO THE LANDSCAPE. MANY FIRMS, HOWEVER, ARE NOW MOVING THEIR FACTORIES TO NEER FACILITIES IN DIFFERENT INDUSTRIAL AREAS, SUCH AS THE LLOBREGAT DELTA, LEAVING BEHIND A NUMBER OF UNUSED BUILDINGS AND LAND PLOTS. THE BULK OF THE "NATIVE" POPULATION OF POBLE NOU LIVES IN THE CENTER OF THE DISTRICT, NEAR THE "RAMBLA", OR PROMENADE. THEIR DWELLINGS, MOST OF WHICH ARE AT LEAST FIFTY TO EIGHTY YEARS OLD, ARE AS DATED AS THE INDUSTRIES SURROUNDING THEM. THERE ARE HUGE HOUSING COMPLEXES ON THE NORTHERN BORDER OF THE DISTRICT, WHICH �-21WERE BUILT DURING THE SIXTIES, BUT WHICH, IN FACT, ARE PART OF AN ENTIRELY SEPARATE DISTRICT. THERE WILL BE SEVERAL OLYMPIC SPORTS FACILITIES IN THIS AREA, INCLUDING A MULTI -PURPOSE SPORTS HALL IN THE OLD FISHMARKET, OLYMPIC AND TRAINING POOLS IN THE MARITIME PARK, A SPORTS PALACE IN THE MARITIME PARK AND ATHLETIC TRACKS IN THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE. AFTER THE OLYMPIC GAMES, THIS AREA WILL BE OVEREQUIPED AND, THUS, WILL BECOME A SUPPLY AREA FOR THE REST OF THE CITY. THE SETTING UP OF THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE WILL ENTAIL THE LARGEST INVESTMENT ASSOCIATED WITH THE OLYMPIC GAMES. LODGINGS MUST BE PROVIDED FOR APPROXIMATELY 14,000 PEOPLE AND, BECAUSE OF SECURITY REGULATIONS, THE VILLAGE MUST BE A SELF-CONTAINED UNIT. IN ADDITION TO THE RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURES IT MUST INCLUDE PUBLIC AREAS AND SERVICES, SUCH AS: RESTAURANTS, MEETING POINTS, A COMMERCIAL CENTER, A RECREATION AND LEISURE CENTER, A POST OFFICE BRANCH, PUBLIC GROUNDS, PARKING LOTS, A BUS TERMINAL AND SPORTS FACILITIES. �-22I'HE OLYMPIC VILLAGE WILL BECOME THE NUCLEUS OF A LARGE-SCALE URBAN RENEWAL SCHEME. THE NEW COMMERCIAL, SPORTS, CULTURAL AND RECREATIONAL FACILITIES WILL SERVE AS AN IMPORTANT REGENERATIVE ELEMENT OF THE NOW-DECAYED URBAN STRUCTURE. THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE, LOCATED IN THE HEART OF POBLE NOU, WILL NOT BE A NEIGHBORHOOD OUTSIDE THE CITY, BUT RATHER A STIMULUS FOR THE REVIVAL AND RENEWAL OF THIS AREA. AFTER THE GAMES, THERE WILL BE LITTLE DIFFICULTY SELLING OR RENTING THE NEW DWELLINGS; SINCE `.THIS IS PUBLICALLY OWNED PROPERTY, BUILDING COSTS WILL BE LOW AND PRICES WILL BE COMPETITIVE. PRIVATE, OR MIXTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE FUNDS COULD BE USED TO FINANCE, BUILD AND MARKET THE OLYMPIC VILLAGE APARTMENTS FOLLOWING THE GAMES. I WANT TO EMPHASIZE, ONCE AGAIN, THE IMPORTANCE OF THIS OPERATION TO BARCELONA'S FUTURE. POBLE NOU IS BARCELONA'S NATURAL DOOR TO THE SEA. WHEN, IN THE MIDNINETENTH CENTURE, ILDEFONSO CERDà DESIGNED THE "EIXAMPLE", AN URBAN PLAN FOR THE EXPANSION OF DOWNTOWN BARCELONA, POBLE NOU WAS TO BECOME THE "MARITIME FAÇADE" OF THE CITY. URBAN RENEWAL IN POBLE NOU WILL, AS CERDá ORIGINALLY PROPOSED, FOCUS ATTENTION ON THIS "MARITIME FAÇADE" AND SERVE TO COUNTERBALANCE THE WESTWARD SHIFT OF THE CITY'S CENTER OF GRAVITY. �-23- THE OLD CENTRAL CITY URBAN RENEWAL SCHEME IS NOT SO DIRECTLY LINKED TO THE 1992 DEADLINE. THE OLD CENTRAL CITY IS AN AREA OF 386 Ha, THAT IS, ABOUT 960 ACRES AND A POPULATION OF 116.738. IN THIS AREA ARE THE MAIN BUILDINGS OF BARCELONA HISTORY: THE CITY HALL, THE GENERALITAT OR AUTONOMOUS GOVERNMENT HALL, THE CATHEDRAL, THE MEDIEVAL EXCHANGE AND MANY OTHER CIVIL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS. BUT THERE IS ALSO AN IMPORTANT STOCK OF DERELICT HOUSES SHELTERING MARGINAL DWELLERS WITH MANY PROBLEMS OF VICE, CRIME, UNEMPLOYEMENT AND DRUG ADDICTION. BARCELONA HAS, IN A WAY, A DEBT WITH THE OLD CITY. WE COULD NOT BET FOR THE FUTURE IF WE HAD NOT RESPECT THE PAST. AND THE OLD CITY IS OUR PAST. THE PROJECTS CONCERNING THE OLD CITY ARE MUCH SLOWER THAN THE COASTAL ONES. IT IS A LONG PROCESS MEANT TO RECOVER FOR PUBLIC AND PRIVATE USES AN IMPORTANT SET OF DECAYED NOBLE BUILDINGS AND PUBLIC SPACES, RENEW THE PRIVATE DWELLINGS AND ACT OVER THE URBAN TISSUE TO MAKE POPULATION DENSITY DECLINE. �-24- A PLEAD FOR EUROPEAN CITIES I WOULD LIKE NOW TO MAKE A LITTLE DISGRESSION THROUGH SOME IDEAS ON CITIES AND SYSTEMS OF CITIES, ESPECIALLY IN EUROPE. FROM THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT, THE XVIIIth CENTURY, MANKIND BEGAN TO BELIEVE IN PROGRESS, BEGAN TO BELIEVE THAT THE WORLD'S EVILS WOULD FIND SOLUTION WITHIN PROGRESS. PROGRESS WAS SOMEHOW RELATED TO URBANIZATION. CITIES WERE REGARDED AS A SUPPORT TO PROGRESS. THIS BELIEF LASTED UNTIL THE LATE 1960'S, ROUGHLY SPEAKING. MAN BEGUNS TO SEE HIMSELF AS PART OF A MENACED ENVIRONMENT. THERE IS A NEW CONSCIENCE THAT BOTH MAN AND ENVIRONMENT ARE PERISHABLE GOODS. THEY CAN DISAPPEAR BECAUSE OF HUMAN MADE DEVICES - THE BOMB, SO TO SPEAK AND BECAUSE OF DECAY PROCESSES. EVERYTHING THAT FROM THE XVIII WAS LOOKED ON AS SACRED WAS CALLED IN QUESTION, INCLUDING THE CITIES AS A PROGRESS FACTOR. THUS ALAIN TOURAIN CAN SAY THAT THE CITY IS A PLACE OF SIN, POVERTY, CRIME, UNEMPLOYMENT, UNHAPPINESS. IT IS BETTER TO BE IN THE SUBURBS OR IN A �-25AGRICULTURAL COMUNE, BUT OUT OF THE CITY, IN ANY CASE. ANOTHER SIGN OF THE TIME IS THE RECURRENCE OF STAGNATION THEORIES. THE SEVENTIES BEGAN WITH THE REAPPARITION OF WHITE -WASHED OLD THEORIES, NAMELY THE THEORY OF LIMITS OF GROWTH SUSTAINED BY THE CLUB OF ROME, FORRESTER, MEADOWS AND THE LIKE. WHAT ONCE HAD BEEN LAND, AS A SCARCE FACTOR, IT WAS NOW ENERGY, OIL. IT IS RELEVANT FOR THE FUTURE OF CITIES THAT ENERGY COSTS GO DOWN. THIS CAN HELP TO HAVE A SOCIETY WHERE THE DIFFERENCES, THE FRONTIER BETWEEN CITY AND COUNTRY WOULD NOT EXIST. THAT IS TO SAY, AN URBANISED COUNTRY, MEANING THAT ONE CAN FIND THERE THE POSSIBILITY OF LIVING WITH DIGNITY, WITH A GOOD LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE AND HUMAN RELATION AVALABILITY. ON THE OTHER HAND, CITIES WHERE ITS DWELLERS ARE NOT CAPTIVE OF CONGESTION COSTS. FROM AN EUROPEAN OUTLOOK, HOWEVER, ONE CANNOT SPEAK ABOUT THE FUTURE OF CITIES WITHOUT A REFERENCE TO PRESENT AGRICULTURE POLICY IN THE ECONOMIC EUROPEAN COMMUNITY, THE COMMON MARKET. �-26EUROPEAN CITIES HAD TO ESTABLISH A LOBBY TO STOP EUROPE PAYING FOR SUBSIDIZED FARM SURPLUSES. THE INDUSTRIAL AND TERTIARY EUROPEAN WORKER IS FINANCING A VERY EXPENSIVE FOOD POLICY WHICH RESULTS IN DUMPING EXPORTS. I HAD THE PRIVILEGE TO BE RECEIVED BY PRESIDENT ALFONSIN IN ARGENTINA WHEN SPAIN HAS JUST SIGNED THE AGREEMENT TO ENTER THE COMMON MARKET. PRESIDENT ALFONSIN GREETED ME WITH A GENTLE REBUKE FOR OUR JOINING THE EEC. "YOU HAVE JUST DONE US AN ILL TURN" HE SAID. EUROPE PRODUCES MEAT AT A COST OF 130, SELLS IT AT 90 IN ARGENTINA WHERE WE CAN PRODUCE IT AT 100". THIS IS OF COURSE AN ABSURD SITUATION. WE ARE SPENDING THE MONEY OUR OLD CITIES NEED IN FOOD WE DO NOT EAT, BUT USE IT TO HINDER THE EFFORTS OF NATIONS THAT ARE STRUGGLING AGAINST UNDERDEVELOPMENT. IN EUROPE, AND IN ALL THE WORLD I THINK, WE HAVE A PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM THAT OUTWEIGHS TERRITORIAL REPRESENTATIVITY OVER POPULATION. AS A RESULT, THE LAWS �-27- AND RESOLUTIONS ISSUED BY THESE PARLIAMENTS ARE MORE AGRARIAN ORIENTED AND THEREFORE MORE CONSERVAT.IVE THAN THE WHOLE OF THE POPULATION IS. IN MY OPINION EUROPE HAS TO RECOVER A CERTAIN URBAN MILITANCY. PAYING FOR FOOD SURPLUSES IS EXPENSIVE AND HAS TO BE DONE EVERY YEAR. PAYING FOR THE CITIES IS ALSO EXPENSIVE, BUT CITIES ARE ALREADY THERE, THEY ARE NOT PRODUCED YEARLY. A EUROPE, A WORLD SEEN AS A SET OF NATIONS ARE A EUROPE AND A WORLD SLOWER, WITH MORE CONFRONTED LANGUAGES THAN A EUROPE AND A WORLD SEEN AS A SYSTEM OF CITIES. CITIES HAVE NO FRONTIERS, NO ARMIES, NO CUSTOMS, NO IMMIGRATION OFFICIALS. CITIES ARE PLACES FOR INVENTION, FOR CREATIVITY, FOR FREEDOM. KEEPING A SYSTEM OF CITIES RUNNING IS EXPENSIVE, YES IT IS. IT IS NOT EASY, IT IS NOT. BUT WE HAVE TO KEEP IT. IT IS OUR REACHNESS. �-28BARCELONA AND THE AMERICAS BARCELONA IS ALSO BETTING FOR BEING THE BRIDGE BEWEEN LATIN AMERICA, AND THE WHOLE AMERICAN CONTINENT, AND EUROPE. BARCELONA IS THE MOST IMPORTANT SPANISH LANGUAGE PUBLISHING INDUSTRY CENTER IN THE WORLD. BARCELONA IS THE FIRST CITY OF EUROPE IN LATIN AMERICAN RESIDENTS. WE WANT TO CONSOLIDATE OUR POSITION IN THE AMERICAN EXPORT IMPORT TRADE. AND WE WANT TO EXTEND THE INFLUENCE OF OUR PORT BEYOND SPANISH FRONTIERS. AND WE WANT ALSO MANY NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICAN EXPORTERS THAT NOW OPERATE THOUGH LONDON OR ROTTERDAM TO COME TO BARCELONA. IT IS CHEAPER, AND WE ARE AS EFFICIENT AS THEM. �-29A LOOK AT THE YEAR 2000 LOOKING ALL THE WAY TO THE NEXT CENTURY I SEE OUR FUTURE RATHER OPTIMISTICALLY. CATALONIA IS RECOVERING THE POWER OF INVENTION, THE CREATIVITY, THE SPIRIT OF ENTERPRISE THAT MADE HER THE MOST DYNAMIC REGION OF SPAIN. AND SHE IS GOING TO DO IT WITH SPAIN, NOT AGAINST SPAIN. THE 1992 OLYMPICS HAS BEEN A POWERFUL TRIGGER TO START A FORMIDABLE REACTION OF OPTIMISM. THEY ARE A CHALLENGE TO GET OUR CITY READY TO ENTER THE TWENTY FIRST CENTURY AS A MODERN, EFFICIENT AND AT THE SAME TIME LIVEABLE CITY. WE CATALANS ARE COMING TO TERMS WITH OUR OWN HISTORY. WE HAVE TO ACKNOWLEDGE THAT OUR FUTURE IS NARROWLY LINKED TO THE FUTURE OF SPAIN. WE HAVE A PRIVILEGED PART IN THIS FUTURE. CATALONIA HAS TO BE THE LEADER OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF SPAIN. THE LEADER OF THE PROCESS THAT WILL MAKE SPAIN BECOME AN EUROPEAN NATION, THAT WILL MAKE SPAIN CEASE TO BE A KIND OF RESERVATION OF EXOTISM. �-30THE ROLE OF CATALONIA IS CRUCIAL. AND SO IS THE ROLE OF BARCELONA. I AM SPARING NO EFFORT TO KEEP BARCELONA MOVING. AND THE CITY WILL ANSWER, HAS ALREADY ANSWERED TO THE CHALLENGE. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 09.01. Activitat de representació (com a Alcalde) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1982-1997 Description An account of the resource Aquesta sèrie agrupa els documents sorgits de la funció representativa de l'exercici del càrrec d'Alcalde de Barcelona. No tenen tipus Tipo temporal para mapear las fichas sin tipo a la base resource template de Omeka S Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 3964 Title A name given to the resource A la Graduate School of Design de la Universitat de Harvard / Conferència. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Maragall, Pasqual, 1941- Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Textual Abstract A summary of the resource. Sumari: - Política urbana de Barcelona. - Barcelona, Catalunya, Espanya. - El desenvolupament de Barcelona. - Barcelona, Catalunya, Europa i el món. - Barcelona cap al 1992. - Ciutats europees. - Barcelona i les Ameriques. - Una mirada al 2000. Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Cambridge, MA, EEUU Language A language of the resource Anglès Subject The topic of the resource Urbanisme Història Federalisme Relacions Internacionals Infraestructures Europa Barcelona Model social Ciutats Estats Units Type The nature or genre of the resource Conferència Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1986-11-20 Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Aquest document forma part del fons municipal de l’Ajuntament de Barcelona (productor de la documentació) i és còpia digital de l’original custodiat a l’Arxiu Municipal Contemporani de Barcelona. EAD Archive The Encoded Archival Description is a common standard used to describe collections of small pieces and to create hierarchical and structured finding aids. Level The hierarchical level of the materials being described by the element (may be other level too). Document Discursos i conferències http://78.47.125.110/files/original/27/2925/FMHP_00064.jpeg 75ba40aed04ab1fa76eb5a77502f4ffb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 12.01. Activitat de representació (com a President) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-2006 Description An account of the resource Aplega els expedients i documents emanats de l'activitat protocol·lària i de projecció pública com a President de la Generalitat. Imatge fixa A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Format original The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 28/04/2006 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Moreno, Rubén Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Fòrum de Barcelona Title A name given to the resource A la taula amb grup de danzaires a la inauguració de la Feria de Abril de Barcelona Subject The topic of the resource Fires Ballarins de flamenc Maragall Mira, Pasqual, 1941- Madre, Manuela de, 1954- Clos i Gimenez, Joan, 1945- García-Nieto, Francisco Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Aquest document és còpia digital de l'original custodiat a l'Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya. EAD Archive The Encoded Archival Description is a common standard used to describe collections of small pieces and to create hierarchical and structured finding aids. Level The hierarchical level of the materials being described by the element (may be other level too). Document Fotografies http://78.47.125.110/files/original/27/2964/FMHP_00103.jpg 9feb84bbe3a8287c70ea304034942fb8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 12.01. Activitat de representació (com a President) Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2003-2006 Description An account of the resource Aplega els expedients i documents emanats de l'activitat protocol·lària i de projecció pública com a President de la Generalitat. Imatge fixa A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Format original The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Digital Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 15/03/2006 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bedmar, Jordi Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Vall d'Hebrón Title A name given to the resource A la taula com a conferenciant en l'acte del 50è aniversari de l’Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron Subject The topic of the resource Premis Salut pública Hospitals universitaris Maragall Mira, Pasqual, 1941- Geli, Marina, 1958- Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Aquest document és còpia digital de l'original custodiat a l'Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya. EAD Archive The Encoded Archival Description is a common standard used to describe collections of small pieces and to create hierarchical and structured finding aids. Level The hierarchical level of the materials being described by the element (may be other level too). Document Fotografies